READING
7. Sport
IELTS Reading Test
Reading Passage:
Politics and Sport: A Complex Dance of Power and Passion
In the modern world, politics and sport have become closely connected in ways that shape societies, influence global narratives, and spark lively debates. Besides the thrill of competition and the pursuit of excellence, sports events have become platforms for political expression, raising questions about the role of athletes, teams, and governing bodies in shaping public thought.
From ancient Greece, where the Olympics were born, to the gladiatorial contests of Rome, sport and politics have coexisted for millennia. These early competitions often held political significance, celebrating the strength and prowess of a city-state or empire. Fast forward to the modern era, and the 1936 Berlin Olympics, under the shadow of Adolf Hitler's regime, stands as a powerful example of sports being used as a propaganda tool. Jesse Owens' victories shattered notions of Aryan supremacy, providing a powerful counter-narrative.
The 20th century witnessed the emergence of athletes as advocates for civil rights. Figures like Muhammad Ali, who famously refused the Vietnam War draft, and Tommie Smith and John Carlos, whose Black Power salute at the 1968 Olympics made headlines, used their platforms to address systemic injustices. Their actions highlighted the transformative power of sports in fostering social change, inspiring countless others to take up the mantle of activism.
In recent years, sports events have become global stages for political expression. The 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics saw protests against Russia's anti-LGBTQ+ laws, while the 2016 Rio Olympics were shadowed by concerns over Brazil's political and economic crises. More recently, athletes and teams have taken a knee during national anthems in protest against racial inequality and police violence, echoing the actions of Colin Kaepernick, the former NFL quarterback who first knelt during the anthem in 2016.
Athletes, once discouraged from engaging in politics, are now recognized as influential voices. LeBron James, for instance, has used his platform to speak out on issues ranging from racial injustice to education reform. Megan Rapinoe, a prominent figure in women's soccer, advocates for LGBTQ+ rights and gender equality. These athletes use their status to raise awareness and get community involvement, going well beyond just playing their sport
Sports governing bodies face a delicate balancing act, tasked with managing the interests of athletes, fans, sponsors, and political stakeholders. Decisions such as awarding major tournaments or disciplining athletes for political gestures carry significant political weight. The International Olympic Committee's Rule 50, which restricts political demonstrations during the Games, has sparked heated debates about the limits of an athlete's right to expression.
In addition to protest and activism, sport can also serve as a diplomatic tool. Ping-pong diplomacy between the United States and China in the early 1970s paved the way for normalised relations. Similarly, sports events like the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup bring nations together, offering opportunities for dialogue and understanding. However, this can also be a double-edged sword, as seen in the controversies surrounding the 2014 Sochi Olympics or the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.
The economic impact of sports cannot be understated. Hosting major events provides an opportunity for nations to showcase their infrastructure, culture, and capabilities on a global scale. However, it also comes with immense financial and political risks. The selection process for hosting major tournaments has been marred by allegations of corruption, and the financial burdens of building and maintaining stadiums have led to heated debates in numerous host cities.
The convergence of politics and sport is a dynamic, multifaceted phenomenon. Athletes, governing bodies, and fans each play a role in shaping the political narrative. While sports can be a powerful vehicle for positive change and international understanding, they also pose challenges, from navigating complex geopolitical issues to managing the delicate balance between competition and activism.
As we move forward, it is crucial to recognize the potential of sports to bridge divides, inspire change, and amplify voices. By engaging in constructive dialogues and thoughtful policymaking, we can harness the immense power of the sporting arena for the betterment of society as a whole.
Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. In the ancient world
A athletes would become politicians.
B gladiators were influential in politics.
C sport was used to decide disputes between cities.
D sport was politically important .
2. Due to their political activism, some top 20th century athletes
A got into disputes with the media.
B became well known at the Olympics.
C encouraged wider participation in sport.
D were not allowed to join the military.
3. In modern times, sports events
A have required athletes to kneel during anthems.
B have caused protests related to politics and economics.
C have turned into big platforms for showing political views.
D have become important in funding social activism.
4. According to the article the International Olympic Committee
A prohibits political protests at events.
B encourage athletes to express themselves.
C has been criticised for its political views.
D wants to encourage social change.
Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
5. It is difficult for sports governing bodies to balance the needs of different groups.
6. Ping pong was important in improving international relations.
7. Countries hosting large sports events must build large amounts of infrastructure.
8. Big sports events are too expensive for poorer nations.
9. Corruption is prevented when hosts are selected for large tournaments.
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Reading Answer Key:
1.D, 2.B, 3.C, 4.A, 5. Yes, 6. Yes, 7. Not Given, 8. Not Given, 9. No