Why are linkers and linking phrases important for cohesion?
Linking words or phrases help to structure an essay and provide signposts that help the reader follow your sequence of ideas. They improve coherence and cohesion and are key to a smooth flowing essay.
In IELTS Writing Task 2 it’s very important to use linkers and linking phrases appropriately. You’ll need to use semi-formal and formal linkers in order to write an essay.
Types of linkers:
Linkers can be divided into several categories. Have a look at the categories below. These types of linkers will really help you structure your essay, from beginning to end.
Sequencing Ideas:
firstly
first of all
to begin with
secondly
finally
Showing Contrast With the Previous Idea:
although
on the other hand
however
nonetheless
in contrast
Adding More Information (Continuation):
moreover
furthermore
in addition
Giving Examples:
for instance
for example
as an example
Conclusions:
to conclude
in conclusion
to summarise
in summary
Practise using the linkers:
Below you’ll find two model IELTS Writing Task 2 essays with several linking words and phrases removed. Your task is to fill the gaps with the appropriate word of phrase. You’ll find the answers at the end.
Task 1: Read the Writing Task 2 model answer below and fill in the gaps with the appropriate linking words or phrases.
firstly/ to sum up/ finally/ for instance/ secondly/ on the other hand/ for example/ in contrast
There has long been a debate about the factors that contribute to the development of an individual's personality. While some believe that our character traits are largely determined by genetics, others argue that the events in our lives most influence the type of person we become. In my opinion, although genes do play a role, it is our experiences that are the most important factor in the development of our personalities.
(a)………….., while biological makeup does provide a starting point for a person’s temperament, it is his or her environment and circumstances that determine how these traits are expressed. (b)………….., a child born with a predisposition towards shyness may become more introverted if he grows up in a place where he feels unsafe or insecure. (c)………….., the same child may become more outgoing and confident if he grows up in a supportive and nurturing family setting.
(d)………….., our surroundings have a profound impact on the development of our values and beliefs, which in turn shape our personalities. (e)………….., a person who grows up in a religious household may develop a strong moral compass and become more compassionate, empathetic, and understanding. (f)………….., a person who grows up in a household that lacks empathy and understanding may develop a more callous and unsympathetic nature.
(g)………….., what happens in our lives also influences our self-concept, which is how we see ourselves and our place in the world. Positive experiences can foster a sense of self-confidence and self-worth, while negative ones can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. This, in turn, shapes how we interact with others and the world around us.
(h)………….., while genetics can provide a starting point for our personalities, our experiences and environment are the most important factors in shaping who we are. The circumstances of our lives mould our values, beliefs, self-concept, and ultimately how we deal with the exterior world. Therefore, it is important to create surroundings for a child that foster positive experiences and growth, and which can lead to the development of a well-rounded character.
Task 2: Do the same for the following model answer:
for example/ first of all/ to conclude/ moreover/ finally/ furthermore
It is often argued that schools should prioritise academic subjects and abandon physical education classes. While academic performance is undoubtedly the top priority, I firmly believe that physical education is of great importance as it has numerous benefits for children's health and academic success.
(a)……………, physical education classes offer more than just exercise, they provide opportunities for children to develop fundamental physical skills and knowledge that can help protect them from physical problems and injuries in the future. Students learn how to execute strength training exercises correctly to avoid injury, improve cardiovascular conditioning, and about the importance of warming up and stretching before physical activities to improve flexibility and prevent muscular strain. These skills and knowledge promote a healthy lifestyle that can reduce the risk of serious health problems such as heart diseases, obesity, and diabetes.
(b)……………, physical education classes can help students develop important social and emotional skills. Team sports, (c)……………, provide students with opportunities to learn valuable communication, teamwork, and leadership skills, which can benefit them in other aspects of their lives. The collaboration and cooperation needed for team sports can also foster a sense of belonging and improve self-esteem, leading to overall emotional well-being. These skills and experiences cannot be learned in a classroom and are invaluable in shaping well-rounded individuals.
(d)……………, regular exercise has been linked to improved academic performance. The psychological and physiological benefits of exercise enhance cognitive abilities such as memory, attention, and concentration, leading to greater academic success. Exercise can also relieve stress, reduce anxiety, and improve mood, which is particularly beneficial for students struggling with mental health issues. Physical exertion has been shown to alter brain chemistry, causing the release of mood-enhancing chemicals which help promote a balanced state of mind. (e)……………, the change of pace and environment, which physical education classes provide, can assist students in clearing their minds, and staying engaged and motivated throughout the school day.
(f)……………, while academic subjects are undoubtedly important, it would be a mistake to neglect the many benefits that physical education classes can offer. By promoting healthy lifestyles, developing essential skills, and providing a mental break from academic demands, physical education classes can play a vital role in the overall education of young people. Therefore, schools should continue to offer physical education classes alongside academic subjects, to ensure that students receive a well-rounded education that prepares them for success in all areas of life.
For more linkers and additional exercises go to my grammar article on linkers here.
Answer Key:
Task 1: a. firstly, b. for instance/ for example, c. on the other hand, d. secondly, e. for instance/ for example, f. in contrast, g. finally, h. to sum up
Task 2: a. first of all, b. furthermore/ moreover, c. for example, d. furthermore/ moreover, e. finally, f. to conclude
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