Topic Vocabulary & Exercises

Topic Vocabulary:

botanical garden (noun phrase):

Definition: A special garden where you can see many different types of plants and trees all together.

Example: We visited the botanical garden and saw many colourful flowers and interesting plants.

connect with nature (verb phrase):

Definition: To experience and interact with the natural world.

Example: Going for a hike or camping trip can provide an opportunity to connect with nature.

coop up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To force someone to stay inside for a long period of time.

Example: After being cooped up in the office all day, I can't wait to go for a walk and get some fresh air.

disconnect (verb):

Definition: To be away from technology or other distractions.

Example: She turned off her phone to disconnect from the digital world and enjoy the outdoors.

green space (noun [c/u]):

Definition: A place with grass, trees, and plants.

Example: I love to have a picnic in the green spaces of the city

hiking (noun [u]):

Definition: Going for a long walk in nature, usually on marked paths, to enjoy the outdoors and get some exercise.

Example: Tomorrow, we are going hiking in the mountains to enjoy the fresh air and beautiful views.

landscape (noun [c]):

Definition: Everything you can see in an area, like mountains, rivers, and trees, all put together.

Example: The landscape around our house includes rolling hills and a small lake.

national park (noun [c]):

Definition: A countryside area that the government protects due to its natural beauty or important wildlife.

Example: Kenya is famous for its national parks where tourists go on safaris

panoramic view (noun phrase):

Definition: A wide view of the surrounding area, often with a lot of detail visible.

Example: The top of the tower offered a panoramic view of the entire city.

picturesque (adjective):

Definition: A beautiful and charming scene, especially one that includes old and traditional features.

Example: The small town we visited had a picturesque main street with colourful old buildings and flowers.

rough it (idiom):

Definition: To stay in a simple or uncomfortable place that does not have all the usual comforts.

Example: During our trip, we decided to rough it and sleep in a tent.

scenery (noun [u]):

Definition: The natural or man-made things that you can see in a place that make it look nice and pretty.

Example: The scenery at the beach was breathtaking, with golden sand and clear blue water.

scenic (adjective):

Definition: Relating to an area of countryside that is beautiful to look at.

Example: The scenic drive through the mountains offered breathtaking views at every turn.

screen time (noun [u]):

Definition: Time spent using electronic devices with screens such as phones or computers.

Example: I limit my children's screen time to one hour per day.

sedentary (noun phrase):

Definition: Generally not moving much.

Example: If you have a sedentary lifestyle, you need to do some exercise regularly.

terrain (noun [c]):

Definition: The type of ground or land, such as hills, valleys, or mountains.

Example: The terrain in this area is quite challenging, but it makes for a great hike.

the great outdoors (idiom):

Definition: The natural world outside, including forests, mountains, rivers, and other outdoor environments.

Example: Let's go camping and enjoy the great outdoors.

trail (noun [c]):

Definition: A path or route, often in nature, that people follow for walking, biking, or other outdoor activities.

Example: We followed the trail through the forest, spotting birds and enjoying the peaceful surroundings.

tranquil (noun phrase):

Definition: Peaceful and calm.

Example: The tranquil countryside offered a peaceful escape from the noise and chaos of the city.

unplug (verb):

Definition: To stop using electronic devices in order to relax.

Example: She decided to unplug for the weekend and enjoy the beauty of nature without any distractions.

Topic Vocabulary:

ambience (adjective):

Definition: The mood or atmosphere of a place.

Example: This restaurant has great food and a wonderful ambience.

appetiser (noun [c]):

Definition: A small dish or snack served before the main course of a meal to stimulate the appetite.

Example: Before the main course, they served delicious appetisers like spring rolls and chicken wings.

artificial flavourings (phrase):

Definition: Man-made taste added to food to enhance its flavour.

Example: This ice cream has artificial flavourings that give it a sweeter taste.

be on me (idiom):

Definition: A phrase used to express that the speaker will pay for something, typically a meal or drinks.

Example: Don't worry about the bill; dinner is on me tonight.

courteous (adjective):

Definition: Polite, showing good manners and respectful behaviour towards others.

Example: The waiter was courteous and always smiled while taking our orders.

cuisine (noun [u]):

Definition: A type of cooking or style of food.

Example: French cuisine is known for its rich sauces and fresh ingredients.

culinary (adjective):

Definition: Related to cooking and eating.

Example: She has a wealth of culinary experiences from travelling the world.

cutlery (noun [u]):

Definition: Knives, forks, and spoons used for eating.

Example: Set the table with the cutlery and plates.

dietary (adjective):

Definition: Related to what a person or animal can eat.

Example: She has dietary restrictions due to her lactose intolerance.

dine out (phrasal verb):

Definition: Eat a meal at a restaurant or other eating establishment, rather than at home.

Example: They decided to dine out at a new restaurant to celebrate their anniversary.

fine dining (uncountable noun):

Definition: A style of restaurant service that emphasises high-quality and a sophisticated atmosphere.

Example: For our wedding anniversary, my partner and I enjoyed a delicious meal at a fine dining restaurant.

grab a bite to eat (idiom):

Definition: To quickly get something to eat, often a light or casual meal.

Example: I'm feeling hungry; let's grab a bite to eat at the nearby cafe.

hospitality industry (noun phrase):

Definition: Businesses that provide services  such as hotel accommodation, food and drink, and tourism.

Example: The hospitality industry was hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic.

hygienic (adjective):

Definition: Clean, promoting good health and preventing the spread of diseases. 

Example: The restaurant's kitchen wasn't hygienic, and some customers got food poisoning.

impeccable (adjective):

Definition: Without any mistakes or faults; perfect.

Example: Sarah's presentation was impeccable, she didn't make any mistakes while speaking.

mouthwatering (adjective):

Definition: Appearing delicious and causing a strong desire to eat or drink.

Example: The smell of fresh baked cookies was mouthwatering.

preservative (noun [c]):

Definition: A substance added to food to stop it from going off.

Example: He avoids food with preservatives because they are unhealthy.

set menu (noun phrase):

Definition: A fixed selection of dishes offered by a restaurant for a fixed price, usually with two or three courses.

Example: The set menu included three courses and wasn't expensive at all.

source (verb):

Definition: To find the materials needed to make something.

Example: She sources only the freshest ingredients for her dishes.

specialty (noun [c]):

Definition: A dish that a restaurant is particularly known for and that is a standout offering on its menu.

Example: The restaurant's specialty dish is its seafood paella, made with fresh, locally caught fish.

Topic Vocabulary:

bond (noun [c]):

Definition: A connection, relationship, or emotional tie between people.

Example: Strong family bonds are built through shared experiences and communication.

childcare (noun [u]):

Definition: The care and supervision of children, typically provided by someone other than their parents.

Example: Finding affordable and reliable childcare can be a challenge for working parents.

close-knit (adjective):

Definition: Having strong relationships, connections, and bonds between members of a group.

Example: My family is very close-knit, we always help each other out.

companionship (noun [u]):

Definition: The enjoyment of spending time with others, especially friends or family.

Example: Having a pet can provide us with companionship and love.

extended family (noun [u]):

Definition: Relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who are not part of the nuclear family.

Example: My grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins are all part of my extended family.

family values (noun [pl]):

Definition: Valuing the traditional family situation where a mother, father and children all live together.

Example: Traditional family values are disappearing as single parent families become more widespread.

have [sb.] in your life (phrase):

Definition: To have someone present or involved in your life.

Example: Having my close friends in my life makes a big difference.

look up to (phrasal verb):

Definition: To have respect or admiration for someone.

Example: I really look up to my older brother, because he's always been so successful.

nuclear family (noun):

Definition: A family unit consisting of parents and their children.

Example: My nuclear family consists of my parents, my younger sister, and me.

on my mother's/ father's side(idiom):

Definition: Refers to relatives or family members related through either the mother or, alternatively, the father.

Example: All my relatives on my mother's side have dark hair.

provide for (phrasal verb):

Definition: To take care of someone's needs and wants.

Example: He provides for his wife and two kids.

quality time (noun [u]):

Definition: Spending special time with loved ones where you can make the relationship stronger.

Example: He makes time every evening to spend some quality time with his daughter.

rift (noun [c]):

Definition: A serious disagreement between individuals that causes a break in their relationship.

Example: A rift occurred in the family because of arguments over an inheritance.

rivalry (noun [c]):

Definition: Competition between siblings for attention, recognition, or affection.

Example: My brother and I are both competitive and there was some sibling rivalry when we were kids.

role model (noun [c]):

Definition: Someone who serves as an example to others, often in a positive way.

Example: My grandmother is my role model. She's had a tough life but always manages to stay positive.

set a good example (phrase):

Definition: To behave in a way that shows others the correct way to behave. 

Example: I want to lead a meaningful life and set a good example for my children.

sibling (noun [c]):

Definition: A brother or sister.

Example: My sister and I have been best friends since we were kids, we're very close siblings.

supportive (adjective):

Definition: Providing help and encouragement to others.

Example: I was lucky to have supportive parents who helped me to get a very good education.

take after (phrasal verb):

Definition: To resemble or have similar characteristics to someone, often a parent or relative.

Example: I take after my aunt. She's creative and artistic, just like me.

unconditional love (noun phrase):

Definition: When you love someone completely and without any conditions or expectations.

Example: A mother's love for her child is often said to be an example of unconditional love.

Topic Vocabulary:

androgynous (adjective):

Definition: Having characteristics that are neither clearly masculine nor feminine.

Example: In the 1920's an androgynous style came into fashion, and some women began to dress more like men.

clean-cut (adjective):

Definition: Having a very neat and tidy appearance.

Example: The young man had a clean-cut appearance with his crisp shirt and neatly combed hair.

clean-shaven (adjective):

Definition: Having no beard or moustache; smooth and free of facial hair.

Example: After shaving, his face felt smooth and clean-shaven.

complexion (noun phrase):

Definition: The appearance of someone's skin, in terms of colour.

Example: He had a fair complexion and burnt easily in the sun

figure (noun [c]):

Definition: The shape of the body (especially for women).

Example: Despite being in her 50's she has an athletic figure.

lanky (adjective):

Definition: Tall and thin, often with long legs and arms.

Example: The lanky teenager had to bend down to avoid hitting his head on the door frame.

physique (noun [c]):

Definition: The size and shape of a body.

Example: He has a toned physique from regular exercise and a healthy diet.

resemble (verb):

Definition: Someone or something that looks similar to another person or thing.

Example: The two sisters resembled each other closely

rugged (adjective):

Definition: Having a rough, tough appearance; often associated with a natural, outdoorsy look.

Example: The farmers had a rugged appearance.

scruffy (adjective):

Definition: Having an untidy or messy appearance.

Example: He had scruffy hair and messy clothes after sleeping on his friend's sofa.

skinny (adjective):

Definition: Having a very thin or slim body.

Example: She was so skinny that her parents wanted her to see a doctor.

slender (adjective):

Definition: Having a thin and graceful physique; being gracefully thin.

Example: The slender cat was able to squeeze through the small gap in the fence.

stand out (phrasal verb):

Definition: To be noticeable, clearly different from others.

Example: Her bright red dress made her stand out in the crowd.

toned (adjective):

Definition: Having well-defined muscles and a firm physique due to exercise or physical activity.

Example: Her arms were toned from regular workouts at the gym.

turn heads (idiom):

Definition: To attract attention or make people look at you because of your appearance.

Example: Her striking beauty was enough to turn heads wherever she went.

unkempt (adjective):

Definition: Having a messy or untidy appearance, not well-groomed.

Example: His unkempt hair and scruffy clothes suggested he hadn't been home all night.

voluptuous (adjective):

Definition: Curvy and full-figured in an attractive way.

Example: Marilyn Monroe was known for her voluptuous figure and hourglass shape.

well-built (adjective):

Definition: Having a strong and muscular physique.

Example: The athlete had a well-built physique from years of training and exercise.

well-groomed (adjective):

Definition: Neat, tidy, and carefully maintained in appearance, including hair, clothing, and personal hygiene.

Example: With his well-groomed beard and polished shoes, he looked ready for the job interview.

well-trimmed (adjective):

Definition: Neatly and precisely cut or shaped, often referring to hair or facial hair.

Example: Despite having a long beard, he looks smart, as he always keeps it well-trimmed.

Topic Vocabulary:

behind the wheel (idiom):

Definition: Being the driver of a vehicle.

Example: Mum is behind the wheel, driving us to the park.

collision (noun [c]):

Definition: When two or more things crash into each other.

Example: The collision between the two cars caused a lot of damage.

commute (noun [u]):

Definition: The act of travelling from home to work or vice versa on a regular basis. 

Example: Many people spend hours each day commuting to and from work.

congestion (noun [u]):

Definition: The state of being overcrowded or blocked, often used to describe traffic or a transport system.

Example: Congestion in the city centre is a major problem during rush hour.

exhaust emissions (noun [pl]):

Definition: The release of gases into the environment by vehicles, factories and other human activities.

Example: The factory's emissions contributed to air pollution in the surrounding area.

get around (phrasal verb):

Definition: Move from place to place, on foot, by car or by any other means.

Example: We use bicycles to get around the neighbourhood quickly.

give someone a lift (idiom):

Definition: To take someone in your car to where they want to go.

Example: Can you give me a lift to the store later?

gridlock (noun [u]):

Definition: A very bad traffic jam, when cars are stuck and can't move.

Example: The traffic was so bad that it led to gridlock on the highway.

heavy traffic (noun phrase):

Definition: When there are a lot of cars on the road, making it slow to move.

Example: We hit heavy traffic on our way to the concert.

jump a red light (idiom):

Definition: Driving through a traffic light when it's red.

Example: Don't ever jump a red light; it's dangerous and against the law.

penalty (noun [c]):

Definition: A punishment for doing something wrong, such as a fine.

Example: If you park in the wrong place, you might get a parking ticket as a penalty.

pile-up (noun [c]):

Definition: Many cars crashing into each other in a bad accident.

Example: Due to the heavy fog, there was a pile-up on the motorway.

reckless (adjective):

Definition: Not being careful or safe while driving.

Example: The reckless driver was going too fast and almost caused an accident.

roadworks (noun [pl]):

Definition: Repair or maintenance work being done on a road, often causing delays or diversions.

Example: The roadworks have been causing significant disruption to traffic in the area.

roadworthy (adjective):

Definition: When a car is safe to be driven on the road.

Example: Before a long trip, make sure your car is roadworthy and you won't have any problems.

rush hour (noun [c]):

Definition: The busiest time for travel, when most people are going to or returning from work.

Example: Avoid driving during rush hour if possible.

slam on the brakes (idiom):

Definition: To make a vehicle stop or slow down quickly by pressing the brake pedal. 

Example: I had to slam on the brakes to avoid hitting the car in front.

speeding (noun [u]):

Definition: Driving faster than the speed limit of the road.

Example: The police officer gave him a ticket for speeding.

stuck in traffic (idiom):

Definition: When your car cannot move or moves very slowly, because there are too many cars on the road.

Example: We were stuck in traffic for an hour because of the accident ahead.

tailback (noun [c]):

Definition: A long line of cars stuck behind each other in a traffic jam.

Example: The tailback on the motorway stretched for miles due to the accident.

Topic Vocabulary:

basic needs (noun [pl]):

Definition: Essential requirements or necessities that are fundamental for human survival and well-being.

Example: Access to clean water and nutritious food are basic needs for human survival.

blow money (verb phrase):

Definition: Spending money without thought, often resulting in financial problems.

Example: I blew far too much money on expensive food and drinks over the weekend.

expense (noun [c]):

Definition: Something that requires spending money.

Example: Opening a business involves many expenses.

frugal (adjective):

Definition: Being careful with money and trying to save whenever possible.

Example: She is frugal and always looks for discounts and coupons before making a purchase.

good value for money (idiom):

Definition: Getting a lot of benefit in exchange for the money spent.

Example: The new smartphone includes many features at an affordable price, making it good value for money.

household income (noun phrase):

Definition: The total amount of money earned by all members of a household over a given period.

Example: Their household income increased significantly after they both got better-paying jobs.

in debt (adjective phrase):

Definition: Owing money to someone or owing more money than you have.

Example: I am in debt because I borrowed money to pay for my college tuition.

interest (noun [u]):

Definition: The amount that a lender charges on a loan.

Example: I have to pay interest on my credit card balance every month.

live from hand to mouth (idiom):

Definition: Having just enough money to pay for basic expenses with little or no savings.

Example: With their low-paying jobs, they struggle to pay rent and bills, living from hand to mouth every month.

luxuries (noun [pl]):

Definition: Items or experiences that are not essential but are desirable, such as vacations or high-end products.

Example: She spent a lot of money on luxuries like designer handbags and expensive restaurants.

money is tight (idiom):

Definition: Not having much money so that you have to be very careful about how you spend.

Example: We need to be careful with our spending because money is tight this month.

mortgage (noun [c]):

Definition: A loan taken out to buy a home.

Example: He took out a mortgage to buy his new apartment.

on finance (adjective phrase):

Definition: To pay for something in instalments over time.

Example: I'm thinking about buying a car on finance as I don't have enough cash right now.

pay off (phrasal verb):

Definition: To pay the full amount owed on a debt or loan.

Example: She was finally able to pay off her student loans after years of hard work.

rip off (noun/verb):

Definition: To overcharge someone or sell something at an unfair or unreasonable price.

Example: I paid $15 for this small cup of coffee, what a rip off!

scam (noun [c]):

Definition: A scheme to trick someone into giving money or personal information.

Example: Be careful of phone calls claiming you have won a prize or owe money, as they may be a scam.

stick to a budget  (verb phrase):

Definition: Steadily following a plan for spending and saving money.

Example: It can be difficult to stick to a budget, but doing this is key to avoiding financial problems.

take out a loan (verb phrase):

Definition: Borrowing money from a bank or other financial institution.

Example: My bank called to ask if I wanted to take out a loan.

tighten your belt (idiom):

Definition: To reduce spending and be more careful with money.

Example: I've had to really tighten my belt after losing my job.

well-off (adjective):

Definition: To be quite rich.

Example: He had a good job so he was well-off.

Topic Vocabulary:

agility (noun [u])

Definition: Being able to move quickly and easily.

Example: The cat's agility allowed it to quickly climb up the tree and escape the dog.

athleticism (noun [u])

Definition: The physical abilities, fitness, strength, and skill required for sports and physical activities.

Example: Her natural athleticism made her excel in a variety of sports like volley ball, tennis, and swimming.

ball sport (noun [c])

Definition: Games where people use a ball to play, like football or basketball.

Example: Football is a popular ball sport that is played by millions around the world.

cheer (verb)

Definition: Showing support and happiness by clapping, shouting, or being excited.

Example: The crowd cheered loudly when their team scored a goal.

commentator (noun [c])

Definition: Someone who describes on TV or radio what is happening in a sporting event.

Example: The commentator explained the game's key moments to the viewers.

competitive (adjective)

Definition: Trying hard to win against others.

Example: The two friends are very competitive and always try to outdo each other in games.

contact sport (noun [c])

Definition: A sport in which there is physical contact between players, such as football or rugby.

Example: Boxing is a contact sport that involves physical contact and punches between opponents.

fast-paced (adjective)

Definition: Happening quickly and with a lot of energy.

Example: The football match's fast-paced action kept me on the edge of my seat.

hooligan (noun [c])

Definition: A person who behaves badly, often causing trouble or violence in public settings.

Example: The hooligans caused trouble after the football match, damaging property.

martial arts (noun [pl])

Definition: Various types of self-defence or combat techniques practised as a sport. 

Example: He's been studying martial arts for years to learn self-defence.

motorsport (noun [u])

Definition: Racing with fast cars or motorbikes.

Example: My dad loves watching motorsport on TV, especially Formula 1.

professional (noun [c])

Definition: An individual who is paid to play a particular sport or activity at a high level.

Example: She became a professional player after years of dedication and hard work.

racket sport (noun [c])

Definition: Games where people hit a ball with a racket, like tennis or badminton. 

Example: He was always good at racket sports because he had excellent hand to eye coordination.

spectator (noun [c])

Definition: A person who watches a sports or other event.

Example: The stadium was filled with spectators cheering for their favourite team.

sponsorship (noun [u])

Definition: When money is given to an event, team, or individual in exchange for advertising.

Example: The football player made a huge amount of money from a sponsorship deal with Reebok.

sports hall (noun [c])

Definition: A large indoor space for playing sports or exercising.

Example: The kids played basketball in the sports hall after school.

stand (noun)

Definition: Where people sit or stand to watch sports games or concerts.

Example: We cheered loudly from the stands as our team scored a goal.

televised (adjective)

Definition: Shown on television.

Example: The championship game will be televised on Saturday.

top-flight (adjective)

Definition: The highest level of quality or skill.

Example: She's a top-flight athlete and regularly competes in international competitions.

work off (phrasal verb)

Definition: To get rid of or reduce something, like stress or calories, through physical activity.

Example: I'm going for a run to work off the extra calories from dinner.

Topic Vocabulary:

a heart of gold (idiom)

Definition: A kind, generous, and compassionate nature.

Example: She has a heart of gold, and will always help a friend in need.

approachable (adjective)

Definition: Easy to talk to or approach, often used to describe people who are friendly and welcoming.

Example: The new boss was very approachable and made it easy for employees to share their concerns with him.

assertive (adjective)

Definition: Confidently expressing yourself and your needs.

Example: Sarah was assertive and could often win over other team members to her point of view.

boisterous (adjective)

Definition: Being noisy, energetic, and lively in a way that grabs attention.

Example: The children were boisterous, running around and laughing loudly in the playground.

callous (adjective)

Definition: Emotionally insensitive and not caring about others’ feelings.

Example: She made fun of his problems, showing a callous attitude.

come across as (phrasal verb)

Definition: To give a certain impression or appear in a particular way to others.

Example: Maggie comes across as confident and approachable, making others feel comfortable around her.

determined (adjective)

Definition: Having a strong sense of purpose and the willpower to pursue one's goals despite challenges.

Example: Mike was determined to get a promotion.

go out of your way (idiom)

Definition: To make an extra effort or to do more than is expected or required.

Example: He went out of his way to make sure we had everything we needed.

insecure (adjective)

Definition: Feeling unsure or lacking confidence in oneself or one's abilities.

Example: He felt insecure about speaking in front of the class.

insincere (adjective)

Definition: Not being genuine or honest in what one says or does, often displaying false emotions or intentions.

Example: Sarah's apology seemed insincere as she avoided eye contact and had a forced smile.

integrity (noun [u])

Definition: Being honest, doing what is right, and being a person others can trust.

Example: Tom demonstrated his integrity by returning the lost wallet he had found.

laid back (adjective)

Definition: Relaxed and unconcerned; having a calm and easy-going attitude.

Example: He's a great travel companion because he's really laid back.

outgoing (adjective)

Definition: Referring to an individual who is social, talkative, and enjoys interacting with others.

Example: The outgoing child quickly made friends in her class.

perseverance (noun [u])

Definition: The act of persisting and working hard without giving up, even in the face of challenges.

Example: Despite facing numerous obstacles, John's perseverance enabled him to succeed.

resilient (adjective)

Definition: Being able to deal with problems and recover from difficult situations or setbacks.

Example: After facing a major setback, Lisa demonstrated resilience by continuing to pursue her dream.

see eye to eye (idiom)

Definition: To agree with or have the same opinion as someone else on a particular matter.

Example: My father and I don't see eye to eye on politics.

self-esteem (noun [u])

Definition: How one feels about oneself and one's abilities.

Example: Low self-esteem can negatively impact one's mental health and relationships with others

self-motivated (adjective)

Definition: Having the ability to drive oneself and achieve goals without needing outside motivation or rewards.

Example: Laura is highly self-motivated, setting goals for herself and working hard to achieve them.

sympathetic (adjective)

Definition: Showing or feeling concern, compassion, or understanding towards others.

Example: Jane showed her sympathetic nature by really supporting her friend while she was getting divorced.

take after (phrasal verb)

Definition: To have similar traits, behaviours, or characteristics to a family member, especially a parent or relative.

Example: Sarah really takes after her grandma with her love for gardening.

tolerance (noun [u])

Definition: Accepting and respecting others, even if they are different from you or have different opinions.

Example: I grew up in an open-minded family, where tolerance was really valued.

Topic Vocabulary:

adore (verb)

Definition: To have a deep affection or love for someone or something.

Example: I adore reading great books.

be crazy about (idiom)

Definition: To really like or enjoy something.

Example: She's crazy about playing the guitar and practices for hours every day.

blissful (adjective)

Definition: Extremely happy.

Example: Walking on the sandy beach during sunset was a blissful experience.

boiling (adjective)

Definition: Very hot.

Example: It was boiling outside so I stayed at home and turned on the air conditioning.

cherish (verb)

Definition: To consider something very special or important.

Example: The trip to the beach with my grandparents is a memory that I cherish.

dreadful (adjective)

Definition: Extremely bad, unpleasant, or serious.

Example: The weather was dreadful, with heavy rain and strong winds making it difficult to go outside.

drive you crazy (idiom)

Definition: To make someone feel very annoyed, frustrated, or overwhelmed.

Example: The constant noise from construction next door is driving me crazy.

enchanting (adjective)

Definition: Really interesting or fascinating in a magical or delightful way.

Example: The enchanting melody of the music transported me to a magical place.

euphoric (adjective)

Definition: Feeling intense happiness.

Example: The Argentinian football fans were euphoric when their team won the World Cup.

exhilarating (adjective)

Definition: Making you feel very happy and full of positive energy.

Example: The roller coaster ride was exhilarating.

get a rush (idiom)

Definition: To get a sudden intense feeling of excitement.

Example: The skydive gave me a big rush.

highlight (noun [c])

Definition: The most important or memorable part.

Example: The fireworks display was the highlight of the evening.

indulge (verb)

Definition: To allow oneself to enjoy or do something pleasurable or satisfying, often in excess.

Example: I decided to indulge myself with a big piece of chocolate cake.

invigorating (adjective)

Definition: Something that makes you feel more awake, energised, and refreshed.

Example: He takes a cold shower in the morning because he finds it invigorating

jump at the chance (idiom)

Definition: To eagerly and quickly accept an opportunity.

Example: When he was offered a trip to Paris, he jumped at the chance to go.

memorable (adjective)

Definition: Very difficult to forget.

Example: The speech was both heartfelt and memorable.

obnoxious (adjective)

Definition: Annoying, offensive, or unpleasant in behaviour or manner.

Example: The drunk man was loud and obnoxious.

scared stiff (idiom)

Definition: Extremely scared.

Example: I was scared stiff by a loud bang in the middle of the night.

thrilling (adjective)

Definition: Causing a strong feeling of excitement or exhilaration.

Example: There were some thrilling scenes in the movie.

unforgettable (adjective)

Definition: Impossible to forget.

Example: The view the mountain summit was unforgettable.

Topic Vocabulary:

appeal (verb):

Definition: Something that makes people like or want something.

Example: The colourful toys had a strong appeal to the kids

aspiration (noun [c]):

Definition: A strong desire or hope to achieve something.

Example: Her aspiration is to become a successful entrepreneur.

bucket list (noun [c]):

Definition: A list of experiences or achievements that a person wishes to have during their lifetime.

Example: Skydiving is on my bucket list of things to do before I die.

chase a dream (verb phrase):

Definition: To try to achieve a very big personal goal.

Example: He decided to chase his dreams and left his job to start up his own business.

dedication (noun [u]):

Definition: Being committed and putting in effort to reach a goal.

Example: The athlete's dedication to daily training paid off with a gold medal.

draw (verb):

Definition: To attract or make someone interested in something or someone.

Example: The beautiful artwork drew people's attention at the gallery.

drive (noun [u]):

Definition: The push that makes you work hard and get things done.

Example: She was driven to become CEO.

ideally (adverb):

Definition: How things would be just right, in a perfect world.

Example: Ideally, we'd have sunny weather for our picnic.

make a dream come true (verb phrase):

Definition: To turn your hopes and wishes into something that you can actually do or have.

Example: With determination and hard work, you can make your dream of becoming a published author come true.

motivation (noun [u]):

Definition: The reason that makes you want to do something.

Example: The thought of winning the game was his motivation to practise every day.

obstacle (noun [c]):

Definition: Something that gets in the way or causes difficulty.

Example: The heavy traffic was a major obstacle on his way to work.

perfect (verb):

Definition: To try to improve your performance to the point where you make no mistakes.

Example: He worked hard to perfect his negotiation skills.

positive mindset (noun phrase):

Definition: Thinking optimistically and focusing on solutions.

Example: Having a positive mindset helps you see opportunities in challenges.

prioritise (verb):

Definition: To choose something as the most important or urgent thing to focus on or achieve.

Example: He prioritised success in his career over everything else in his life.

sacrifice (noun [c]):

Definition: Refers to giving up something valuable or important in order to achieve a greater goal or benefit.

Example: Many athletes sacrifice their personal time and social life in order to train and compete at a high level.

set a goal (verb phrase):

Definition: To decide what you want to achieve.

Example: She set a goal to read ten books this summer.

set your mind on sth. (idiom):

Definition: To really focus on one thing and want it a lot.

Example: He set his mind on becoming a chef and practised cooking every chance he got.

strive (verb):

Definition: Working hard and making an effort to achieve something.

Example: She will strive to improve her grades by studying harder.

struggle (noun [c]):

Definition: A difficult or challenging experience.

Example: It was a struggle to overcome the language barrier while studying abroad.

vision (noun [u]):

Definition: An idea or image of something that you want to achieve in the future. 

Example: The company's vision is to create an affordable electric vehicle.

Topic Vocabulary:

carefree (adjective):

Definition: Feeling relaxed and happy, not worried or stressed.

Example: During summer vacation, the children enjoyed carefree days of playing and having fun.

coddle (verb):

Definition: To treat someone very gently and protectively, like a baby.

Example: Grandma tends to coddle her youngest granddaughter by giving her treats all the time.

dependent (adjective):

Definition: Needing someone or something else for support, care, or resources.

Example: He was already 21 but was still totally dependent on his parents.

discipline (noun):

Definition: Rules and punishments aimed at controlling behaviour.

Example: The discipline at the school was tough and students were severely punished for misbehaving.

fill with wonder (verb phrase):

Definition: Making someone feel amazed or fascinated by something.

Example: The fireworks display filled the spectators with wonder.

grow apart (phrasal verb):

Definition: To become less close or connected over time, especially in relationships or friendships.

Example: As they got older, Sarah and Tim grew apart and didn't talk as much.

inseparable (adjective):

Definition: Unable to be separated or parted.

Example: The two best friends were inseparable and did everything together.

look back (phrasal verb):

Definition: Thinking about things that happened in the past.

Example: She looked back on her childhood with nostalgia.

lose touch (phrasal verb):

Definition: To gradually or suddenly stop communicating or being in contact with someone.

Example: After graduating, they lost touch with each other and didn't communicate for years.

magical (adjective):

Definition: Something that seems very special and exciting.

Example: The fireworks on New Year's Eve looked magical in the night sky.

mature (adjective):

Definition: Acting like an adult and making responsible decisions.

Example: As she got older, she became more responsible and mature in her actions and decisions.

nostalgia (adjective):

Definition: A feeling of sadness or happiness when you think about things from the past.

Example: Going through old photo albums gave me a real sense of nostalgia.

nurture (verb):

Definition: Taking care of and helping something or someone grow and develop.

Example: Parents nurture their baby by providing love, care, and attention.

raise (verb):

Definition: To nurture, care for, and provide for the growth and development of a child.

Example: They worked hard to raise their kids to be kind and responsible.

supervise (verb):

Definition: Watching and making sure things are going well or being done correctly.

Example: The lifeguard supervises the pool to ensure everyone's safety.

throw a tantrum (verb phrase):

Definition: When a child gets very upset and behaves badly, like crying, screaming, or throwing things.

Example: The toddler threw a tantrum in the grocery store when his mother wouldn't buy him any candy.

toddler (noun [c]):

Definition: A young child who is learning to walk and talk.

Example: My grandparents looked after me and my sister when we were toddlers.

turn out (phrasal verb):

Definition: To result or develop in a particular way.

Example: She was a very naughty child, but she turned out to be a successful adult.

watch over (phrasal verb):

Definition: To protect and take care of someone, watching them to make sure they are safe.

Example: The babysitter was responsible for watching over the children while their parents were out.

well adjusted (adjective):

Definition: Being able to handle different situations and get along well with others. 

Example: He was well adjusted and easily adapted to new situations and people.

Topic Vocabulary:

biodiversity (noun [u]):

Definition: The number of plants and animals that live in an area, or in the world.

Example: Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest threatens the biodiversity of the region.

climate change (noun phrase):

Definition: When the Earth's weather patterns and temperatures start to change due to human activity.

Example: Rising temperatures and extreme weather events are evidence of climate change.

conservation (noun [u]):

Definition: The act of protecting and preserving natural resources, habitats, and species.

Example: The organisation works tirelessly to promote the conservation of endangered species and their habitats.

deforestation (noun [u]):

Definition: The clearing or removal of forests or trees on a large scale.

Example: Deforestation is a major cause of climate change.

drought (noun [u]):

Definition: When there's not enough rain for a long time, and it makes things very dry.

Example: The lack of rain caused a severe drought, leading to water shortages.

eco-friendly (adjective):

Definition: Environmentally friendly or sustainable, causing minimal harm to the environment.

Example: Using eco-friendly products helps reduce environmental impact.

ecosystem (noun [c]):

Definition: A community of living things (like plants, animals, and insects) that interact and depend on each other to live .

Example: The coral reef is a diverse and fragile ecosystem that supports a wide range of marine life.

emissions (noun [pl]):

Definition: Gases that are released into the air, usually from things like cars, factories, or power plants.

Example: The factory reduced its carbon emissions by implementing cleaner technology.

endangered (adjective):

Definition: When a species is close to disappearing from the planet.

Example: The number of endangered species is continually increasing as large areas of forest are cut down.

energy consumption (noun phrase):

Definition: The amount of energy that is used or consumed by people or machines.

Example: Energy-saving measures can significantly reduce household energy consumption.

exhaust fumes (noun phrase):

Definition: Emissions produced from burning fuel.

Example: The exhaust fumes from cars contribute to air pollution and can harm the environment.

extinction (noun [u]):

Definition: The complete disappearance of a species.

Example: The rapid decline in the population of elephants is pushing them towards extinction.

fossil fuel (noun):

Definition: Things like coal, oil, and gas that come from ancient plants and animals. We burn them to make energy.

Example: Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels used for energy production.

habitat (noun [c]):

Definition: The natural environment where organisms live.

Example: The rainforest is the natural habitat for various species of monkeys and birds.

mitigate (verb):

Definition: To reduce the severity, intensity, or impact of a risk or problem.

Example: Planting trees helps mitigate the impact of carbon emissions on the environment.

natural resources (noun phrase):

Definition: Naturally occurring materials, such as minerals, or forests, that have economic or ecological value.

Example: Water and minerals are examples of valuable natural resources.

pollutant (noun [c]):

Definition: A harmful substance or contaminant in the environment.

Example: Carbon monoxide is a pollutant that can have detrimental effects on human health.

renewable (adjective):

Definition: Something that can be used but won't run out, like the sunshine, wind, or water.

Example: Solar power is a renewable energy source that harnesses energy from the sun.

smog (noun [u]):

Definition: A kind of pollution that happens when dirty air gets trapped near the ground.

Example: The city's air quality was poor due to smog, resulting from factory and vehicle emissions.

sustainable (adjective):

Definition: Able to be continued over the long term without causing environmental damage.

Example: The company implemented sustainable practices to minimise waste and conserve resources.

Topic Vocabulary:

brand (noun [c]):

Definition: A brand is a name or symbol that makes a company's products or services different from others.

Example: Nike is a well-known brand for athletic shoes and apparel.

competitive advantage (noun phrase):

Definition: An advantage a company has over another in the same market, usually due to better products or lower costs.

Example: The core objective of the charity is to provide education to underprivileged children.

consumer (noun [c]):

Definition: A consumer is someone who buys or uses things.

Example: As a consumer, I like to compare prices before making a purchase.

demand (noun [u]):

Definition: Demand is when people want and are willing to buy something.

Example: The high demand for the new smartphone caused it to sell out within hours.

entrepreneurship (noun [u]):

Definition: Entrepreneurship is starting and running a business by taking risks and being creative.

Example: Mark Zuckerberg and his success with Facebook is an example of successful entrepreneurship.

free market (noun phrase):

Definition: An economic system where companies do business without government intervention.

Example: In a free market, businesses can compete and set prices based on supply and demand.

level the playing field (idiom):

Definition: Creating fair and equal conditions for competition.

Example: New regulations ensure that small businesses can compete on a level playing field with large multinationals.

loyal customer (noun phrase):

Definition: A loyal customer is someone who keeps coming back to buy from the same company.

Example: Mary has been a loyal customer of the same coffee shop for over five years.

marketing (noun [u]):

Definition: Activities to promote a product or brand.

Example: The company launched a marketing campaign to promote their new product through social media and TV commercials.

premises (noun [pl]):

Definition: The buildings or land owned by a company or organisation.

Example: The company owns several large premises across the country.

productivity (noun [u]):

Definition: The amount of work done in a specific timeframe.

Example: By organising tasks efficiently, we can improve productivity in the office.

profitability (noun [u]):

Definition: The ability of a business to generate financial gain or profit.

Example: The company's profitability increased after launching a new product line.

revenue (noun [c]):

Definition: The income or money generated by a company or organisation from its operations.

Example: The company's revenue increased by 20% this year.

sector (noun [c]):

Definition: A sector is a specific area of the economy, like technology or healthcare. 

Example: The technology sector includes companies that develop and sell software, hardware, and digital services.

service (noun [c]):

Definition: The professional work done for a customer by a company.

Example: The company provides house cleaning and maintenance services.

staff turnover (noun phrase):

Definition: The rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced.

Example: The high staff turnover at the restaurant is affecting its performance.

start up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To start a new business.

Example: Jane and her colleagues started up a company to develop a new mobile app.

streamline (verb):

Definition: Simplify or optimise a process or system to make it more efficient and effective.

Example: New software streamlined the process, saving time.

subsidy (noun [c]):

Definition: Financial assistance or support provided by the government.

Example: The government provided a subsidy to support local farmers during the drought.

supplier (noun [c]):

Definition: A supplier is someone who provides things to a company, like products or services.

Example: The bakery relies on a local farmer to be their supplier of fresh organic eggs.

Topic Vocabulary:

access the internet (verb phrase):

Definition: To connect to the internet and be able to use online services, applications, and websites.

Example: The hotel offers free Wi-Fi so guests can easily access the internet.

bad line (noun phrase):

Definition: A poor or unstable telephone connection.

Example: The call kept dropping because of the bad line.

bad reception (noun phrase):

Definition: Weak or unclear signal quality.

Example: I couldn't hear the speaker clearly due to bad reception.

contacts (noun [pl]):

Definition: A list of people's names and contact information stored on a device.

Example: I added her to my contacts so I can call her later.

disruptive (adjective):

Definition: Causing disruption or disturbance.

Example: The student's disruptive behaviour in class was making it difficult for other students to learn.

feature (noun [c]):

Definition: A distinctive or useful function or characteristic of a product or service.

Example: The camera's zoom feature lets you take close-up photos.

flagship model (noun phrase):

Definition: The top-of-the-line or highest-quality product in a company's lineup.

Example: I bought the flagship model because I want all the best and latest features.

flick through (phrasal verb):

Definition: To quickly browse or look through something, like a book or magazine.

Example: I'll just flick through the book to find the page I need.

landline (noun [c]):

Definition: A traditional, fixed-line telephone connected by wires to a network.

Example: We still have a landline at home for emergencies.

lasts a long time (verb phrase):

Definition: Something that continues to exist or function for a long time.

Example: This phone battery lasts a long time between charges.

make a call (verb phrase):

Definition: To call someone on the phone.

Example: I make a call to my parents every Thursday evening.

messaging application (noun phrase):

Definition: A software program for sending and receiving text or multimedia messages.

Example: WhatsApp is a popular messaging application.

mobile network (noun phrase):

Definition: A wireless telecommunications network that provides mobile phone service.

Example: I get great internet speed on my phone thanks to the 5G mobile network.

notification (noun [c]):

Definition: A message or alert from an app or device that informs the user of an event or update.

Example: I received a notification from my phone that my flight was delayed.

on the move (idiom):

Definition: Active and moving around, often while travelling or working.

Example: As a salesperson, I'm always on the move, visiting different clients and locations.

pick up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To answer a phone call.

Example: I couldn't pick up because I was in a meeting.

run out of battery (verb phrase):

Definition: When all the energy in the device's battery has been used so the device can no longer function.

Example: I forgot to bring my charger and now my phone has run out of battery.

silent mode (noun phrase):

Definition: A setting on electronic devices that disables all sound notifications.

Example: I put my phone on silent mode during meetings to avoid distractions.

social media feed (noun phrase):

Definition: A stream of posts and updates from users on a social media platform.

Example: I scrolled through my social media feed to see the latest updates.

the palm of your hand (noun phrase):

Definition: The area of your hand which your fingers are connected to.

Example: The smartphone fits in the palm of your hand.

Topic Vocabulary:

aggressive (adjective):

Definition: Having or showing a readiness to attack or confront.

Example: The aggressive behaviour of the dog scared the children.

antisocial (adjective):

Definition: Relating to actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others or society

Example: The neighbourhood watch program was implemented to deter antisocial behaviour.

compliment (verb):

Definition: A nice thing you say to make someone feel good about themselves. Example: She complimented her friend on her earrings.

considerate (adjective):

Definition: Thinking about how your actions will affect others and trying not to upset them or cause problems.

Example: The inconsiderate party guests left their empty glasses and plates scattered all over the house.

courteous (adjective):

Definition: Polite and respectful in behaviour or speech.

Example: The courteous driver allowed the other car to pass first.

disturb (verb):

Definition: Bother or annoy someone by interrupting their peace or concentration. 

Example: I couldn't work because the loud music next door kept on disturbing me.

empathy (noun [u]):

Definition: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.

Example: Schools can promote a culture of empathy by encouraging kindness and compassion.

hurt someone's feelings (idiom):

Definition: Make someone sad or upset by what you say or do.

Example: I didn't mean to hurt her feelings when I said that I didn't like the dress.

inappropriate (adjective):

Definition: Not suitable or proper for a particular situation or context.

Example: It's inappropriate to wear shorts to a job interview.

lose your temper (idiom):

Definition: To get really angry and be rude or act aggressively because you can't control yourself.

Example: I lost my temper and shouted at the stupid man.

make a scene (idiom):

Definition: to make a lot of noise in public, usually because you are angry.

Example: He was obviously angry and started making a scene on the train.

obnoxious (adjective):

Definition: extremely unpleasant, offensive or annoying.

Example: He was being obnoxious to the staff so he was told to leave the shop.

offend (verb):

Definition: Upset or annoy someone because of something you say or do that they don't like.

Example: He really offended her when he criticised her cooking.

overbearing (adjective):

Definition: Excessively controlling in a relationship or situation.

Example: My boss can be overbearing at times and it's hard to speak up.

provoke (verb):

Definition: To cause someone to feel angry or irritated.

Example: The rude comment provoked him into yelling.

punctual (adjective):

Definition: Arriving or happening at the scheduled or expected time.

Example: It's important to be punctual for meetings and appointments.

put someone at ease (verb phrase):

Definition: To make someone feel comfortable and relaxed in a situation.

Example: Her friendly smile put everyone at ease in the room.

put your foot in it (idiom):

Definition: To make a mistake, often by saying or doing something inappropriate.

Example: He really put his foot in it when he made that joke about her divorce.

thoughtful (adjective):

Definition: Considerate and kind towards others, often showing empathy and understanding.

Example: He gave her a thoughtful gift for her birthday that showed how much he cared.

unacceptable (adjective):

Definition: Not meeting expected standards or norms of behaviour.

Example: The teacher made it clear that cheating on exams was unacceptable in her class.

Topic Vocabulary:

attachment (noun [u]):

Definition: A feeling of strong emotional connection to someone or something.

Example: She felt a deep attachment to her parents and got very homesick when she left home.

belong (verb):

Definition: To be a part or member of a particular group, place, or category.

Example: He never felt like he really belonged in the city.

catch up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To speak to someone to find out about the recent events in their life. 

Example: She spent 2 hours on the phone catching up with her school friend.

commuter town (noun [c]):

Definition: A residential area where people live but typically travel to work in a nearby city.

Example: He lives in a commuter town, just outside the capital.

cosmopolitan (adjective):

Definition: Reflecting a mix of cultures and influences from around the world.

Example: New York City is known for its cosmopolitan atmosphere.

homesick (adjective):

Definition: Feeling a strong desire or nostalgia for one's home or familiar surroundings.

Example: After a month away, I started to feel homesick.

hustle and bustle (idiom):

Definition: Busy, noisy activity and movement, especially in a crowded area.

Example: The hustle and bustle of the city can be overwhelming.

leave home (verb phrase):

Definition: To stop living at the family home.

Example: Many young people feel homesick when they leave home to go to university.

locals (noun [pl]):

Definition: People who live in a particular place or community and are familiar with its customs and culture.

Example: The locals knew the best restaurants in town.

migrate (verb):

Definition: To move from one place to another, often between countries or regions. 

Example: Many people migrate to cities looking for work.

outskirts (noun [pl]):

Definition: The outer parts of a town or city, away from the centre.

Example: Their house is on a quiet street in the outskirts of the town.

pace of life (idiom):

Definition: How fast or slow daily activities happen in a place or culture.

Example: Life in the countryside has a slower pace compared to the bustling city.

provincial (adjective):

Definition: Relating to or characteristic of a province.

Example: The town's provincial charm attracted visitors seeking a peaceful getaway.

quaint (adjective):

Definition: Charmingly old-fashioned or picturesque.

Example: The quaint little cottage looked like something from a storybook.

reconnect (verb):

Definition: To reestablish a connection or bond, especially with people or places from one's past.

Example: After years apart, they decided to reconnect and became close friends again.

roots (noun [pl]):

Definition: The place or culture from which a person or group of people comes.

Example: She returned to her hometown to reconnect with her roots.

rustic (adjective):

Definition: Characteristic of a rural or countryside place, often simple and rough in appearance.

Example: The rustic cabin in the woods was a perfect escape from city life.

sense of community (noun phrase):

Definition: A feeling of connection with a group of people who share common interests, values, or location.

Example: The neighbourhood's annual picnic strengthens the sense of community.

small town mentality (noun phrase):

Definition: Considering local matters very important, and not having exposure to other ways of life.

Example: People in the village were suspicious of strangers, which was a characteristic of their small town mentality.

suburban (adjective):

Definition: Relating to a residential area located on the outskirts of a city.

Example: They moved to a suburban area for a quieter lifestyle and more space.

Topic Vocabulary:

assignment (noun [c]):

Definition: A task or project given by a teacher or employer to complete within a certain time frame.

Example: My English teacher gave us an assignment to write a five-page essay on our favourite book.

breeze through (phrasal verb):

Definition: To complete something easily or effortlessly.

Example: She breezed through the maths exam in record time.

brush up on (phrasal verb):

Definition: To review or refresh one's knowledge or skills in a particular subject.

Example: I need to brush up on my Spanish before our trip to Mexico.

calling (noun [c]):

Definition: A strong feeling of personal conviction or passion towards a particular career or path in life.

Example: After volunteering in a hospital, she realised that helping people was her true calling.

campus (noun [c]):

Definition: The grounds and buildings of a university, college, or school.

Example: The university has a beautiful campus with lots of green spaces.

critical thinking (noun phrase):

Definition: The ability to analyse information and evaluate ideas in a logical and thoughtful way.

Example: In science class, we use critical thinking skills to analyse data and draw conclusions from experiments.

dissertation (noun [c]):

Definition: A long written work, often required for a higher degree.

Example: She spent months researching and writing her dissertation on ancient Roman architecture.

drop out (phrasal verb):

Definition: To leave a course or program of study before completing it.

Example: Unfortunately, he decided to drop out of college after just one semester.

enrol (verb):

Definition: To officially register or join a course or program of study.

Example: I plan to enrol in the photography course next semester.

faculty (noun [c]):

Definition: The teaching staff of a school, college, or university.

Example: The faculty members at the university are highly respected in their fields.

finals (noun [pl]):

Definition: The last set of examinations or assessments at the end of a term or academic year.

Example: The finals are next week, so I need to study.

higher education (noun phrase):

Definition: Education beyond high school, typically provided by universities.

Example: Pursuing higher education can open up many career opportunities.

learn by heart (idiom):

Definition: To memorise something thoroughly.

Example: She learned the poem by heart and recited it flawlessly.

memorisation (noun [u]):

Definition: The process of learning and retaining information in one's memory. 

Example: Acting involves the memorisation of lines.

open doors (idiom):

Definition: To create opportunities or provide access to new possibilities.

Example: Pursuing higher education can open doors to new career paths and opportunities for personal growth.

pass with flying colours (idiom):

Definition: To pass a test or examination with a very high score or outstanding performance.

Example: She studied hard and passed the test with flying colours.

scholarship (noun [c]):

Definition: Financial aid or grant awarded to a student for academic achievement or other criteria.

Example: She was awarded a scholarship based on her excellent exam results.

submit (verb):

Definition: To hand in or give something for evaluation or consideration.

Example: Please submit your assignment by the end of the week.

syllabus (noun [c]):

Definition: An outline or summary of the topics and assignments covered in a course.

Example: The teacher gave us a syllabus that lists all the books we need to read, and assignments which we will have this year.

tuition (noun [u]):

Definition: Teaching, especially in one to one classes or at universities. 

Example: The quality of the tuition is very high at this university.

Topic Vocabulary:

cramped (adjective):

Definition: Feeling confined or crowded due to a lack of space.

Example: The studio apartment was so small that it felt cramped when more than one person was inside.

decoration (noun [c]):

Definition: An item or material used to improve the appearance of a room.

Example: She spent the weekend putting up Christmas decorations around the house.

do up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To renovate or redecorate.

Example: We're going to do up the kitchen with new cabinets and appliances.

estate agent (noun [c]):

Definition: A professional who assists in buying, selling, or renting properties.

Example: They hired an estate agent to help them find their dream home.

get on the property ladder (idiom):

Definition: Buy your first home.

Example: She was finally able to get on the property ladder thanks to the money her grandmother left her.

high-rise building (noun phrase):

Definition: A tall building that has many floors.

Example: The city skyline was dominated by high-rise buildings and skyscrapers.

homeownership (noun [u]):

Definition: Owning one's own home.

Example: Homeownership can provide a sense of stability and financial security.

landlord (noun [c]):

Definition: A person who owns and rents out a property to other people.

Example: The landlord was very responsive and quickly fixed any issues that came up with the apartment.

make it your own (idiom):

Definition: To personalise or customise a space or object to one's own tastes or preferences.

Example: She painted the walls and rearranged the furniture to make the apartment her own.

no room to swing a cat (idiom):

Definition: To have very little space in a room.

Example: The tiny apartment was so cramped, there wasn't even room to swing a cat.

privacy (noun [u]):

Definition: Being left alone so other people do not see or know what you are doing. 

Example: She closed the door for some privacy while she talked on the phone.

property (noun [c]):

Definition: Land, a house, flat or commercial building.

Example: The farm has a lot of land and several buildings, so it's a big property.

put in (phrasal verb):

Definition: To install or add something, such as equipment or machinery.

Example: They need to put in new air conditioning units before summer.

put up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To put pictures, shelves or other items on the walls.

Example: I put up some new shelves in the living room over the weekend.

relocate (verb):

Definition: To move to a new town, area or country.

Example: They decided to relocate to a different city for better job opportunities.

settle down (phrasal verb):

Definition: To decide to live somewhere permanently, often when also starting a family.

Example: After years of travelling, he finally decided to settle down and buy a house.

spacious (adjective):

Definition: Having a lot of room or space.

Example: The living room was spacious, with high ceilings and plenty of natural light.

tie down (phrasal verb):

Definition: To limit one's ability to move or be flexible, often because of a financial or legal commitment.

Example: Buying a home can tie you down to a specific location for a number of years.

well-equipped (adjective):

Definition: Having all the necessary tools, resources, or amenities for a particular purpose or activity.

Example: The kitchen is well-equipped with an oven, microwave, fridge and many other appliances.

well-lit (adjective):

Definition: Having lots of lighting from natural or artificial sources.

Example: The living room is so well-lit because of its large windows.

Topic Vocabulary:

build-up (noun [c]):

Definition: The growth of excitement or tension before a big event.

Example: There was a lot of build-up and excitement before the big concert.

community spirit (noun phrase):

Definition: The feeling of togetherness and support among members of a community.

Example: The community spirit was evident at the fundraising event for the local school.

costume (noun [c]):

Definition: Clothes worn for a particular occasion or event, often representing a particular character or theme.

Example: She wore a pirate costume to the Halloween party.

dress up (phrasal verb):

Definition: To wear formal or fancy clothes for a special occasion or event.

Example: They dressed up in their best outfits for the wedding ceremony.

exchange gifts (verb phrase):

Definition: To give and receive presents or gifts as a gesture of goodwill or celebration.

Example: They exchanged gifts on Christmas morning and shared a special moment together.

feast (noun [c]):

Definition: A large and elaborate meal, often shared with friends or family for a special occasion or celebration.

Example: They prepared a feast for Thanksgiving and invited all their loved ones to share the meal.

flamboyant (adjective):

Definition: Someone or something that is very showy or extravagant, often to get attention or to be noticed.

Example: The singer's flamboyant costume and energetic performance wowed the audience.

float (noun [c]):

Definition: A decorated vehicle or platform that is used in a parade for entertainment or display purposes.

Example: The float representing the local sports team was a hit with the crowd during the parade.

heritage (noun [u]):

Definition: The traditions, customs and objects that are handed down from generation to generation in a culture.

Example: The museum's exhibit showcases the city's rich cultural heritage.

let your hair down (idiom):

Definition: To relax and be yourself without worrying about what others might think.

Example: After a week of hard work, she decided to let her hair down and have some fun at the party.

live (adjective):

Definition: To experience something in real-time, not recorded.

Example: Do you want to watch the live broadcast of the concert, or would you rather see a recording?

long weekend (noun phrase):

Definition: A period of time, typically three or four days, that includes a weekend and a holiday or special event.

Example: They're planning to take advantage of the long weekend and go on a road trip.

parade (noun [c]):

Definition: A special event where a group of people, often in colourful costumes, walk together.

Example: We watched the annual Christmas parade and enjoyed the festive atmosphere and colourful decorations.

pass down (phrasal verb):

Definition: Traditions or practices that are handed down from one generation to the next.

Example: The family recipe for apple pie has been passed down through generations.

reveller (noun [c]):

Definition: Someone who enjoys celebrating and having fun, often at a party or a festival.

Example: The revellers at the New Year's Eve party danced and sang until midnight.

roots (noun [pl]):

Definition: The place or culture that a person or thing originally comes from.

Example: Even though she was born in a different country, she still feels connected to her roots.

sound system (noun):

Definition: A set of speakers and other electronic equipment used to amplify and play music or other sounds.

Example: The DJ had a powerful sound system that made the music sound amazing.

stall (noun [c]):

Definition: A small, simple structure used for selling things at a market or fair.

Example: The market had many stalls selling fruits, vegetables, and handmade crafts.

street vendor (noun phrase):

Definition: Someone who sells goods or services on the street, often from a small cart or a stand.

Example: The street vendor sold fresh fruits and vegetables from his cart on the corner.

the life and soul of the party (idiom):

Definition: The person who brings a lot of energy, fun, and excitement to a social event.

Example: Tom is always the life and soul of the party as he knows how to make everyone laugh.

Topic Vocabulary:

apprenticeship (noun [c]):

Definition: A system of training new workers in a trade or profession with on-the-job training.

Example: She decided to apply for an apprenticeship to become an electrician.

demanding (adjective):

Definition: Describes a task, job, or situation that requires a lot of effort, skill, or time.

Example: Working in the healthcare industry can be demanding because of the high pressure.

engaging (adjective):

Definition: A task, job, or situation that is interesting and keeps one's attention.

Example: He was glad to be involved in the project as it was engaging work that he enjoyed.

freelance (adjective):

Definition: Working for different employers on a project basis rather than being employed by only one company.

Example: She chose freelance work as she wanted to be her own boss.

hierarchy (noun [u]):

Definition: A system or structure where people or things are ranked according to their importance or authority.

Example: He became CEO after 30 years of moving up the company hierarchy.

job security (noun phrase):

Definition: How likely you will keep your job in a company in the future.

Example: Job security is important, especially when the economy is not so good.

layoffs (noun [pl]):

Definition: The act of firing employees, often as a result of financial problems or restructuring.

Example: The company announced layoffs due to a decline in sales.

lucrative (adjective):

Definition: Describes a job or business that can earn a lot of money.

Example: Being a successful YouTuber can be very lucrative if you have a lot of viewers and advertisers.

manual work (noun phrase):

Definition: A type of work that involves physical labour rather than intellectual or office work.

Example: The construction industry involves manual work such as carpentry, plumbing, and bricklaying.

monotonous (adjective):

Definition: Repetitive and boring.

Example: Folding clothes at the store can be monotonous because you do the same task over and over again.

prospects (noun [pl]):

Definition: Chances or opportunities for success or promotion in the future.

Example: The company offered good prospects as it had many branches and offices around the world.

rewarding (adjective):

Definition: Providing a feeling of satisfaction because you are doing something worthwhile.

Example: The volunteer work was challenging but very rewarding.

self-employed (adjective):

Definition: Providing services independently, rather than working for someone else.

Example: My neighbour is self-employed; he runs his own small business making custom furniture.

shift work (noun phrase):

Definition: Working in specific time periods or "shifts," which can include evenings, nights, or weekends.

Example: Nurses often do shift work, working during the day one week and at night the next.

take on (phrasal verb):

Definition: To accept and begin doing additional duties or tasks.

Example: She recently took on the role of CEO.

take time off (verb phrase):

Definition: Requesting and receiving permission to be away from work for a certain period.

Example: After a busy month, I decided to take some time off and relax at the beach.

vocational (adjective):

Definition: Referring to education or training that prepares students for a specific career or trade.

Example: The vocational school offered programs in welding, plumbing, and electrical work.

white collar worker (noun phrase):

Definition: Someone who works in a professional or administrative job, typically in an office.

Example: Lawyers, and accountants are examples of white-collar workers.

work-life balance (noun phrase):

Definition: Achieving a healthy balance between your job or career and your personal life.

Example: She tries to maintain a good work-life balance by leaving the office on time every day.

workload (noun [c]):

Definition: The amount of work that a person has to do.

Example: During their final exams, students often have a heavy workload with lots of studying and assignments.